The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ located beneath the liver in the upper right part of the abdomen. It stores the bile fluid produced by the liver and releases it into the duodenum after meals to assist with digestion. It plays an important role in the digestive system.
Gallstones form when the balance of chemical substances such as cholesterol, calcium bilirubinate, and calcium carbonate in the bile is disturbed. Factors that increase the risk include rapid weight loss or gain, high-fat diet, pregnancy, and genetic factors. Skipping meals, especially missing breakfast, can also increase the risk of gallstone formation.
Gallstones generally do not cause symptoms. However, when the bile duct becomes blocked or inflamed, the following symptoms may occur:
Gallbladder polyps are protrusions that form on the inner surface of the gallbladder. They are mostly harmless, but polyps larger than 1 cm or those that show growth can carry a cancer risk. Polyps that show vascularization on Doppler ultrasound should also be closely monitored.
Polyps have the potential to transform into cancer. Surgical intervention is recommended, especially for large, rapidly growing, or multiple polyps. Recurrent inflammation can also predispose to cancer.
ERCP (Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography) is a method used to visualize and treat the bile ducts and pancreatic channels. During the procedure, patients are sedated. The bile ducts are examined using a special endoscope with a camera system, and blocked channels are opened or stones are removed if necessary. The procedure typically lasts 1-1.5 hours, and the patient is observed overnight.
causing acute pancreatitis. This condition can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. Acute pancreatitis occurs in 1-3% of patients with gallstones and may require intensive care in severe cases.
Today, most gallbladder surgeries are performed laparoscopically. Laparoscopic surgery offers less pain, a shorter recovery time, and cosmetic advantages compared to open surgery. Risks of the surgery include bile duct injuries and bleeding. These risks can be minimized by experienced surgeons.
While there is no definitive evidence that gallstones directly cause cancer, large stones and recurrent inflammation can create a foundation for cancer. Therefore, it is recommended to surgically remove large stones.
After gallbladder surgery, patients can generally continue with a normal diet. However, if fatty foods are poorly tolerated, a low-fat diet may be preferred. Patients can consume foods like eggs as long as they do not experience discomfort.
Hormonal changes and excessive vomiting during pregnancy can increase the risk of gallstone formation. Pregnant women should consult a doctor if symptoms arise. In mild cases, dietary changes can reduce the risk.
In patients who have had their gallbladder removed, bile flows directly from the liver to the intestines. This can mildly affect the digestive process but generally does not cause significant changes in quality of life. Patients can return to normal activities within 1-2 weeks after surgery.
Gallstones and polyps, when diagnosed early and treated appropriately, do not lead to serious complications. It is vital for symptomatic patients to consult a specialist without delay.
